Collection of Clippings on Overseas Chinese
at Hong Kong Baptist University Library
Shirley W. Leung
Irene S. M. Wong
Kit Wah Lee
Hong Kong Baptist University
Objective
The objective of this report
is to introduce the Hong Kong Baptist University Library Collection of
clippings on Overseas Chinese with two goals. The first is to publicize
and promote this collection for use by students, scholars, and researchers
interested in the topic of Overseas Chinese, and the second is to explore
opportunities for collaborative efforts in enhancing the collection accessibility.
A brief introduction
The collection contains 707
files, each with an average of 200-250 pages. It is also available on 141
microfilm reels. The clippings were taken from approximately 230
Chinese language newspapers and 40 periodicals, published in 17 countries
or regions: Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, Singapore, the Philippines, Indonesia,
Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Burma, Macao, Malaysia, Japan, India,
Canada, and USA. As shown in Appendix A, Hong Kong and China publications
received more comprehensive and sustained attention than those of other
countries. There may be a number of reasons for the uneven coverage.
One would be the ephemeral nature of the source newspapers and periodicals,
as they were Chinese language materials published locally in the Chinese
communities in the countries involved. Furthermore, it should be
taken into consideration that there was probably no organized dissemination
method or structure for a good number of these publications.
The years of coverage also
varied considerably with some titles spanning a twenty-one year period
and others limited to only one year. Overall, the collection covered
a twenty-one year period from 1950-1971, presenting information on a tumultuous
and dynamic period of political, social, and economic changes and developments
in the history of China and Overseas Chinese. With the founding of
the People Republic of China and the retreat of the Nationalist Government
to Taiwan in 1949, there were major efforts on both sides to woo Overseas
Chinese for political, economical, social, and cultural reasons.
The files were categorized
into (1) Chinese -- Foreign countries -- Government policy -- Taiwan; (2)
Chinese -- Foreign countries -- Government policies -- China; and (3) Chinese
in different foreign countries (sub-categorized by country). A perusal
of the clippings in the collection showed several areas of focus:
-
Chinese education of Overseas Chinese in the countries they settled:
These clippings would be useful in studies and research of problems and
issues related to studies of Chinese language education, history of Overseas
Chinese education, as well as government policies towards Chinese and Chinese
education in the countries of settlement.
-
Economic status of the Overseas Chinese and their contributions to the
economy of the countries they settled. The entrepreneurial, industrious,
and perseverant attributes of Overseas Chinese as well as their business
acumen have been commonly acknowledged over time in conjunction with their
economic success to their adopted countries, especially in Southeast Asia.
The clippings in this collection would add information resources to studies
on this topic.
-
Government policies towards the Chinese who had settled in their country
and the relationships between the native citizens and citizens of Chinese
ethnic origin. The clippings on this topic would focus on government polices
in some of the countries covered as well as on anti-Chinese incidents and
practices.
-
Organizations and associations of Overseas Chinese and their activities
in the countries they settled. The nature and frequency of these activities
would shed light on their relationships or interactions with the China
and the Taiwan governments.
The Overseas Chinese clippings collection: a subset of a larger clippings
collection
The HKBU collection of clippings
on Overseas Chinese is a small subset of a large collection of clippings
on China, made up of 11,900 files. Out of this group, it appears
that 8,627 files, or about 72.5%, have been microfilmed (see Appendix B).
The collection as a whole was purchased by Hong Kong Baptist University
in the mid-1980 from the Union Research Institute (Yu lien yen chiu so
-- ÓÑ Áª ÑÐ ¾¿ Ëù).
This organization was actively involved in gathering information on the
People Republic of China from the years of 1950-1975, essentially the
period of its grand isolation from much of the Western world and during
a time when internal events and developments were closely guarded.
It has been alleged that many of the source newspapers and periodicals
were taken out of China clandestinely to Hong Kong. Apparently, with
the gradual opening of China in the mid 1970 , the need for having an
information gathering organization such as the Union Research Institute
was diminished. Although efforts were made by the Union Research
Institute to find a home for the collection in the United States, including
negotiations with several US research libraries, the decision was eventually
made to keep the collection in Hong Kong.
In conversation with some
library colleagues with subject expertise in Chinese studies, we were given
the impression that the entire collection of clippings file of the Union
Research Institute was microfilmed and, therefore, already held by a number
of large U.S. research libraries with strong East Asian studies.
Although we made the effort of searching OCLC and the online public access
catalogs of several libraries, the results were not conclusive. The
only accurate way to ascertain the microform holdings of this collection
by major U.S. East Asia libraries would be to enlist the assistance of
the libraries themselves by having their staff verify their holdings.
In the process of checking the microform holdings of several libraries
against their own online public access catalogs, we did recently discover
that the Chinese University of Hong Kong has a good portion of the clippings
file on microfilm, including the files on the Overseas Chinese. Appendix
B lists HKBU Library holdings of Union Research Institute Clippings
Collection. At the same time, we were surprised to find that approximately
27.5% of HKBU clippings file may be a unique information resource, that
is, no microfilm copies have been made at all. These include 2,581
files of two subject categories, one on Taiwan and the other on International
Affairs, as well as 692 files of other subject categories which were compiled
in the 1970s.
The HKBU Library has maintained
a clippings program from 1985 to 1998 focusing on topics related to China
studies. Ten major newspapers from Hong Kong were systematically
clipped. One area receiving special attention was information related
to the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong to China in July 1997.
In 1998 we established an indexed Contemporary China Newspapers Clippings
Database
(CCNC). Users can now retrieve appropriate citations of clippings
of 1992, 1996 and 1997 by searching the headlines, authors, newspaper titles,
publication date, and/or subject headings. We do plan to add citation
records for the earlier years and up to the end of 1998.
Complementary research areas: clippings on Overseas Chinese
and the larger collection of clippings on China
The HKBU Library collection
of clippings on Overseas Chinese would be especially valuable when used
with the larger clippings collection on China compiled by the Union Research
Institute. These may include:
-
China and Taiwan governments?policies toward Overseas Chinese --At the
early years of its establishment, the Chinese Government made active outreach
efforts to win the support and recognition of the Overseas Chinese.
It also needed their help in dealing with the country enormous economic
problems. As a result, the government organized many visitation tours
for Overseas Chinese with the goal of encouraging them to invest in China.
The Taiwan government, then the Republic of China, made similar efforts.
Consequently, the two governments kept modifying their policies concerning
Overseas Chinese in their countries to capture and sustain their support.
Through the study of these changing policies, changes in policy by the
two governments concerning Overseas Chinese would be better understood.
-
Foreign relations between China and other countries and impact of such
relations on Overseas Chinese in the countries involved. As the term
verseas Chinese?is often used to include two groups: those who have
some attachment to China or Taiwan and those who are the citizens of their
adopted country, either by naturalization or by birth.
-
Education of Overseas Chinese in China and Taiwan ?both governments provided
ample studying opportunity for Overseas Chinese. Did this strategy
strengthen the relationships of the two governments with Overseas Chinese
and what contributions did these Overseas Chinese make to China, Taiwan,
and their host or adopted countries are topics of interest in studies related
to Overseas Chinese at large.
-
As many Overseas Chinese regularly sent money back to their family members
in China and Taiwan, the two governments?policies on remittance often
affected the economic and political conditions of the Chinese recipients
of remittance. Moreover, as the two governments were in much need
of funds for reconstruction in the 1950 , they encouraged Overseas Chinese
to buy government bonds. Thus, the tripartite relationship between
remittance policy, government bonds, and government financial policies
are of potential interest to historians and scholars of Overseas Chinese
studies.
Efforts to publicize the HKBU Library collection of Overseas
Chinese clippings
We have done some preliminary
work in preparation of our desire to publicize, promote, and make more
accessible the use of the HKBU Library collection of Overseas Chinese
materials through our homepage. The first effort was conducting a
methodical inventory of our complete holdings of materials in the larger
Union Research Institute collection, including the Overseas Chinese materials.
In the process, we have also discovered that a small portion of our microfilm
holdings has developed the inegar Syndrome? a common term to describe
the deterioration of acetate film . According to preservation specialists,
while it is possible to slow the deterioration of acetate film, the only
long-term solution is reduplicaton onto polyester-based film. Our
discovery of this problem duely raised the uncomfortable question of how
extensive is this inegar Syndrome?problem and what may be the best long-term
solution. Should we reduplicate the entire microfilm collection onto
polyester-based film? Does this mean all the libraries which currently
hold some portions or the entire set of microform collection purchased
from the Union Research Institute should be aware of this problem and deal
with the problem individually?
The second effort, initiated
recently, was to request from several vendors in Hong Kong and China for
cost proposal to digitize the Overseas Chinese subset. In tandem
with this effort, we have also written to nineteen major Hong Kong and
Taiwan newspaper and periodical publishers for permission to make available
the full-text newspaper articles through the Internet/WWW. We only
contacted these nineteen because the remaining fifty-five were not locatable
or the publications had been discontinued. Out of the ten responses
received to date, one has decided to withhold such permission and two have
given us permission to make full-text articles available to the HKBU academic
community only.
To date we have received
cost proposals from four vendors, two in Hong Kong and two in China.
One of the Hong Kong vendors, with experience in digitizing technical reports
and files of several Hong Kong government agencies, has provided us with
a more detailed proposal than the others. The data conversion
approach they proposed will involve the converting of newspaper articles
from microfilm format to electronic format, and then extracting the indexing
information and the contents from the electronic format into the database
for searching and retrieval. Although two methods may be used:
(1) OCR and creating index fields for the articles, and (2) scanning the
full-text content of the articles, this vendor is not recommending the
OCR method after examining the sample microfilm we provided. We are
in the process of analyzing the cost proposals to make meaningful comparisons.
In summary, the HKBU Library
is keenly interested in making its clippings on Overseas Chinese more readily
accessible to students, scholars, and researchers. We would especially
welcome partnership or cooperative opportunities so that we may be a member
of an information network of Overseas Chinese information resources.
We welcome all comments and suggestions.
Appendix A: Newspapers and Periodicals Used for the Overseas Chinese
Clippings
(侨务类剪报选用资料)，1950-71
香港
报纸：
|
| 大公报 | [1950-71] | 工商日报 | [1950-71] |
| 中南日报 | [1953] | 中声晚报 | [1952-55] |
| 公教报 | [1956-70] | 天天日报 | [1968-71] |
| 天文台报 | [1953-71] | 文汇报(香港) | [1950-71] |
| 民声报 | [1952] | 自由人报 | [1952-59] |
| 自然日报 | [1951-56] | 呼声报 | [1952] |
| 明报 | [1962-71] | 星岛日报 | [1951-72] |
| 星岛晚报 | [1952-71] | 香港中国学生周报 | [1953] |
| 香港时报 | [1951-71] | 香港商报 | [1970-71] |
| 香港教育周报 | [1955] | 真报 | [1968] |
| 真报夜刊 | [1956-59] | 劳工报(香港) | [1956] |
| 循环日报 | [1960] | 晶报 | [1960-70] |
| 华侨日报 | [1950-71] | 新民报 | [1962-63] |
| 新生晚报 | [1953-71] | 新晚报 | [1952-71] |
| 新报 | [1962-70] | 联合报(香港) | [1955-71] |
| 联合评论 | [1962-64] | China Mail | [1968-69] |
| South China Morning Post | [1962-70] | Hong Kong Standard | [1955-70] |
|
期刊：
| 工商观察 | [1953-60] | 中国之声 | [1951-53] |
| 今日世界 | [1953-70] | 自由阵线 | [1950-59] |
| 明报月刊 | [1967-71] | 长城内外 | [1964] |
| 周末报(周刊) | [1952-63] | 新闻天地 | [1950-70] |
| 万象 | [1961] | 经济导报 | [1950-71] |
| 远东观察(半月刊) | [1963] | Far Eastern Economic Review | [1959-69] |
| The Asia Magazine | [1962-63] | | |
|
其他：
| 文教通讯社稿 | [1956] | 香港自联通讯社稿 | [1953-55] |
| 新华社电讯 | [1962-67] | | |
|
Current Scene News Feture Article: Developments in Communist China written by Kenneth Priestley,
M.A., Development of Education, University of Hong Kong on 19 January, 1960.
中国
报纸：
| 人民日报(北京) | [1950-71] | 上海晚报(上海) | [1966-67] |
| 大公报(天津) | [1955-70] | 大公报(北京) | [1956-70] |
| 大南山报 | [1959] | 大众日报(济南) | [1952-66] |
| 山西日报 | [1951-59] | 工人之路报(蒙古) | [1961-62] |
| 工人日报(北京) | [1951-66] | 中国青年报(北京) | [1953-66] |
| 中苏友好报(北京) | [1952-57] | 今日新闻(北京) | [1962-67] |
| 天津日报 | [1950-64] | 文汇报(上海) | [1950-66] |
| 北京日报 | [1956-68] | 北京晚报 | [1958-63] |
| 台山报(广东) | [1957] | 四川日报(成都) | [1955-60] |
| 甘肃日报 | [1952-58] | 光明日报(北京) | [1950-70] |
| 吉林日报 | [1954-57] | 同声(福建) | [1960] |
| 安徽日报 | [1952-59] | 成都日报 | [1957-58] |
| 江西日报 | [1954-59] | 汕头报 | [1957] |
| 羊城晚报(广东) | [1957-66] | 西安日报 | [1956-58] |
| 批廖战报(北京) | [1967] | 杭州日报 | [1956-71] |
| 武汉晚报(湖北) | [1961] | 河北日报 | [1954-59] |
| 河南日报 | [1952-58] | 长江日报 | [1950-59] |
| 长江日报 | [1950-59] | 长江乡讯(福建) | [1960] |
| 长春日报 | [1956-58] | 青年报(上海) | [1953-61] |
| 青年报(广州) | [1958] | 青岛日报 | [1952-59] |
| 南方日报(广州) | [1950-70] | 南安侨讯(福建) | [1959-60] |
| 南京日报 | [1956-58] | 哈尔滨日报 | [1954-59] |
| 泉州日报 | [1964] | 红电讯 | [1968] |
| 红卫报(广州) | [1966] | 重庆日报 | [1956-59] |
| 旅大日报 | [1956-61] | 晋江乡讯 | [1960] |
| 桃源(福建) | [1960] | 海丰报(广东) | [1957] |
| 浙江工人报 | [1956-57] | 浙江日报 | [1950-59] |
| 高要农民报 | [1956-58] | 妇侨与侨乡(广州) | [1956] |
| 教师报(北京) | [1956-58] | 晨报 | [1964] |
| 梅县建设报(北京) | [1957] | 陆丰报 | [1957] |
| 无锡工人生活 | [1957] | 开平农民报 | [1956-57] |
| 云南日报 | [1954-59] | 黑龙江日报 | [1954-63] |
| 厦门日报 | [1951-63] | 新中华报 | [1955] |
| 新民晚报(上海) | [1954-66] | 新海南报(海口) | [1954-58] |
| 新湖南报(长沙) | [1954-59] | 新华日报(重庆) | [1950-54] |
| 新华日报(南京) | [1950-66] | 新华月报 | [1956-58] |
| 新闻日报(上海) | [1952-59] | 新疆日报 | [1951-59] |
| 粤西农民报 | [1952-55] | 解放日报(上海) | [1950-64] |
| 侨乡报(福州) | [1958-65] | 宁波报 | [1957] |
| 漳属乡讯(福建) | [1960] | 福建日报 | [1952-61] |
| 福建侨乡(福州) | [1956-57] | 福清乡讯(福建) | [1960] |
| 闽中日报 | [1958] | 闽西日报 | [1958] |
| 韶关报 | [1956] | 齐齐哈尔报 | [1956-57] |
| 广州日报 | [1952-66] | 广西日报 | [1953-64] |
| 广东侨报(广州) | [1956-59] | 抚顺日报 | [1956-57] |
| 澄海报 | [1957] | 郑州日报 | [1955-58] |
| 鞍山日报 | [1956-58] | 辽宁日报 | [1956-60] |
| 济南日报(山东) | [1957-58] | 穗郊农民报 | [1959] |
| 沈阳日报 | [1956-59] | 鹭风(福建) | [1958-60] |
|
|
期刊:
| 人民教育(月刊) | [1951-55] | 工商界(月刊) | [1954-58] |
| 中国青年(半月刊) | [1950-66] | 中国妇女(半月刊) | [1958-66] |
| 支农红旗(广州) | [1967] | 民主评论 | [1955-58] |
| 政治学习(月刊) | [1955-59] | 新南开(天津) | [1967] |
| 新建设(月刊) | [1950-66] | 新观察(半月刊) | [1950-60] |
| 侨务报(双月刊)(北京) | [1956-65] | 侨务报(月刊)(广东) | [1956-58] |
| China Reconstructs | [1967] | Peking Review(Peking) | [1960-71] |
|
书籍:
| 华侨问题研究会编(1951-52)《侨务法规汇编第一辑》，联合书店出版。 |
其他:
| 中国新闻通讯稿(广州) [1956-71] 华侨投资手册(广东) [1959] |
| 华侨救国联合总会第一次代表大会决议案简编 [1957] |
|
|
台湾
报纸:
| 中央日报 | [1952-72] | 公论报 | [1954-61] |
| 民族晚报 | [1955] | 新生报 | [1955-71] |
| 联合报(台湾) | [1955-71] | | |
|
期刊:
| 人生(半月刊) | [1955] | 中共研究月刊 | [1969-71] |
| 中国一周 | [1955] | 今日大陆(半月刊) | [1963-68] |
| 台湾中国文摘 | [1950] | 台湾自由青年(旬刊) | [1953-58] |
| 民主宪政 | [1959] | 自由中国 | [1953-59] |
| 问题与研究(月刊) | [1963-70] | 教育与文化 | [1956] |
| 毕业侨生(月刊) | [1959] | 华侨文教会议月刊 | [1955] |
| 华侨周刊 | [1954] | 侨生通讯 | [1959-60] |
| 侨讯(半月刊) | [1959-62] | | |
|
其他:
| 台湾大道通讯社稿 | [1953] | 台湾远东新闻社稿 | [1955] |
| 华侨通讯社稿 | [1955] | | |
|
星加坡
报纸:
| 中兴日报 | [1956] | 民报 | [1962-65] |
| 南方晚报 | [1956] | 南洋商报 | [1954-70] |
| 星洲日报 | [1953-66] | 海星报 | [1955] |
| 阵线报 | [1955] | 马华论坛报 | [1955] |
| 创造 | [1955] | |
|
其他:
书籍:
人民行动党中央编辑委员会编(1960年4月).《语言与政治》,人民行动党中央编辑委员会出版。
菲律宾
报纸:
| 大中华日报(马尼拉) | [1952-58] | 公理报 | [1955] |
| 晨报(岷里拉) | [1957-58] | 华侨商报(马尼拉) | [1954-56] |
| 新闻日报(岷里拉) | [1954-70] | China Mail(Manila) | [1955] |
期刊:
| 华侨周刊The Chinese Weekly | [1957] | 新闽日报(岷里拉)杂志 | [1967-70] |
印尼
报纸:
| 中华商报(耶加达) | [1956-58] | 天声日报(印尼) | [1956-58] |
| 自由日报(印尼) | [1956-60] | 青光日报(印尼) | [1955] |
| 前锋日报(古晋) | [1956] | 新中华报(印尼) | [1955] |
| 新报(耶加达) | [1956-57] | 侨声报(印尼) | [1956] |
| 苏岛时报(印尼) | [1955-57] | | |
其他:
泰国
报纸:
| 中原报 | [1955-56] | 民主日报(曼谷) | [1952-55] |
| 民主晚报(曼谷) | [1952-55] | 各华文报(曼谷) | [1956] |
| 星泰晚报(曼谷) | [1952-70] | 星暹日报(曼谷) | [1952-71] |
| 暹京中原晚报(曼谷) | [1954-56] | | |
寮国
报纸:
| 时代日报(永珍) | [1969] | 华侨新闻(永珍) | [1952-71] |
越南
报纸:
| 大夏日报(堤岸) | [1954-55] | 工人报(西贡) | [1955-56] |
| 中国日报(堤岸) | [1953-56] | 中国书报(堤岸) | [1955] |
| 世界报/世界日报(堤岸) | [1955-61] | 光华日报(堤岸) | [1955] |
| 成功日报(堤岸) | [1955-70] | 每日论坛(堤岸) | [1953-54] |
| 亚洲日报(堤岸) | [1955-58] | 越南时报(堤岸) | [1954] |
| 越华晚报(堤岸) | [1956] | 新越华报(越南) | [1966] |
| 新闻日报(堤岸) | [1954] | 新声日报 | [1956] |
| 万国日报晚刊(堤岸) | [1955] | 群声日报(堤岸) | [1955] |
| 远东日报(堤岸) | [1954-55] | | |
期刊:
缅甸
报纸:
| 人民报(仰光) | [1955-65] | 中国日报(仰光) | [1955-58] |
| 民众呼声报(仰光) | [1955-58] | 自由日报(仰光) | [1954-64] |
| 亚洲日报(缅甸) | [1957-58] | | |
马来西亚
报纸:
| 中国报(吉隆坡) | [1952-71] | 中华日报(沙劳越) | [1962-66] |
| 民众报(沙劳越) | [1962-65] | 光华日报(槟城) | [1962-65] |
| 亚庇商报(北婆罗洲) | [1962-65] | 虎报(吉隆坡) | [1961-64] |
| 前锋日报(沙老越) | [1962-64] | 劲报(吉隆坡) | [1955] |
| 南洋商报(吉隆坡) | [1968-70] | 建国日报(怡报) | [1956] |
| 星洲日报(吉隆坡) | [1953-70] | 星槟日报(吉隆坡) | [1969] |
| 星槟日报(槟城) | [1956-70] | 砂民日报(沙劳越) | [1962] |
| 美里日报(沙劳越) | [1962] | 马来亚通报(吉隆坡) | [1961] |
| 婆罗洲时报(山打根) | [1962-67] | 劳工报(马来亚) | [1962] |
| 华侨日报(北婆罗洲) | [1962-65] | 新路报(吉隆坡) | [1952] |
| 新闻报(沙劳越) | [1962] | 镜报(马来亚) | [1955] |
其他:
《事实胜过雄辩--关于华文教育问题》--马来亚司法部长郭梁宇皋关于华文教育的谈话 [1961]
美国
报纸:
| 三民晨报(芝加哥) | [1956] | 世界日报(三藩) | [1962] |
| 自由中国日报(美国) | [1955-56] | 亚洲日报(纽约) | [1959] |
| 金山时报(三藩) | [1955-56] | 美洲华侨日报(纽约) | [1962] |
| 国民日报(旧金山) | [1954-55] | 华美日报(纽约) | [1959] |
| 联合日报(纽约) | [1962] | The Chinese World(San Francisco) | [1962] |
期刊:
| 大华周刊(纽约) | [1962] | 中美周报(纽约) | [1962] |
| The China Quarterly(London) | [1962] | | |
日本
报纸:
高棉(柬埔寨)
报纸:
| 工商日报(金边) | [1962-67] | 金巴南洋周报 | [1954] |
| 金边日报(高棉) | [1954-56] | 棉华日报(金边) | [1956-60] |
| 湄江日报(金边) | [1957-58] | 环球日报(金边) | [1956] |
加拿大
报纸:
| 大汉公报 | [1962-70] | 中兴报 | [1954] |
| 新民国报(渥太华) | [1962] | 侨声日报(渥太华) | [1962] |
期刊:
印度
报纸:
| 印度日报 | [1959-67] | 印度尼西亚日报 | [1959] |
澳门
报纸:
| 民日报 | [1959-63] | 华侨报 | [1962] |
| 澳门日报 | [1959-71] | | |
Appendix B: Overview of Holdings of HKBU Library's Collection
of Union Research Institute Clippings on China, 1950-1975
| Subject Categories |
No. of Files, 1950-1975 |
No. of MF reels, 1950-1975 |
| 1. Politics |
2,385 |
278 (28)* |
| 2. Social Sciences |
2,385 |
88 (13)* |
| 3. Armed Forces |
388 |
62 (9)* |
| 4. Economics |
3,547 |
649 (38)* |
| 5. Civilization & Education |
1,946 |
317 (38)* |
| 6. Overseas Chinese |
707 |
141 (4)* |
| 7. Recording of Broadcasting |
346 |
39 |
| 8. Taiwan |
940 |
-- |
| 9. International Affairs |
1,641 |
-- |
| 10. Profile ** |
-- |
87 |
| Total |
11,900 # |
1,661 (130)* |
HKBU Library has 1st ed. (1957) and 2nd ed. (1962) of the indexes to
the clippings files.
* Number of microfilms with Vinegar Syndrome
** Index cards of English biographical information on different people
# Among the ten subject categories, all 2,581 files of Taiwan and International
Affairs clippings and 692 files of the remaining subject categories compiled
in the 1970s are not microfilmed.
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